Diarrhea is one of the most common clinical signs encountered in veterinary medicine, affecting companion animals such as dogs and cats, as well as livestock. It is characterized by increased frequency, fluidity, or volume of feces and may be acute or chronic. While often mild and self-limiting, diarrhea can also indicate serious underlying disease requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment.
In small animal practice, diarrhea is frequently seen in dogs and cats due to dietary indiscretion, sudden diet changes, food intolerance, parasitic infections (such as roundworms or giardia), bacterial infections, viral diseases, or stress. In puppies, viruses like Canine parvovirus can cause severe, life-threatening hemorrhagic diarrhea. In cats, infections such as Feline panleukopenia virus may result in profound gastrointestinal illness. Chronic diarrhea in pets may be associated with inflammatory bowel disease, endocrine disorders, or food allergies.
In livestock, diarrhea—commonly referred to as “scours”—is especially significant in calves, lambs, and piglets. Causes include infectious agents (such as E. coli, rotavirus, and coccidia), poor hygiene, inadequate colostrum intake, and environmental stress. Severe diarrhea in young animals can rapidly lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, weakness, and death if untreated.
Diagnosis involves a thorough history, physical examination, and often fecal testing, bloodwork, or imaging. Treatment depends on the cause but commonly includes fluid therapy to correct dehydration, dietary modification, probiotics, antiparasitic medications, or antibiotics when indicated. Preventive measures—such as vaccination, proper nutrition, parasite control, and sanitation—are essential components of herd and pet health management.
Overall, diarrhea in veterinary medicine ranges from a minor digestive upset to a critical medical emergency. Early recognition and appropriate intervention are key to ensuring positive outcomes and maintaining animal welfare.
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